Others is the third work produced by a collaborative research project involving primatologists and anthropologists on the evolutionary historical foundations of human sociality, after the publication of groundbreaking volumes titled Groups and Institutions. This book presents cutting edge research into the meaning of “the other” and the dynamic process of “othering”. Each of the eighteen chapters examines various aspects of “others” via the researchers’ specialties, with subject matter ranging from the disappearance of the alpha male in a chimpanzees group to the way the other is produced amongst Canadian Inuit through their relationship with wild animals. What is generated is a unique collection of essays that is both grounded in empirical evidence and strengthened by its intricate engagement with the depth and breadth of theoretical work on the topic of “the other”, as it furthers our understanding of the nature of human sociality. Figures Photographs Tables Acknowledgements Contributors Introduction--Finding "Others" from an Evolutionary Perspective: The Search for the Evolutionary Historical Foundations of Human Sociality Kaori Kawai Part I: Aspects of Others: Emergence, Formation and Transformation 1 Approving Others and Incomprehensible Others in Primate Society Suehisa Kuroda 2 Are Animals "Others" or Are There "Others" to Animals? Michio Nakamura 3 When Others Appear Toru Soga 4 "The Other Who Can Refuse": A Precondition for Transition to Human Society Kōji Kitamura 5 Empathy and Social Evolution: The Human History of Understanding Others Hitoshige Hayaki Part II: Others and Other Groups: How to Interact with the Counterpart 6 Who Is the Alpha Male? The Appearance of the "Other" in Chimpanzee Society Hitonaru Nishie 7 Encountering the "Other": How Chimpanzees Face Indeterminacy Noriko Itoh 8 When Pricking Up One's Ears for the Voices of Strangers: Others in Chimpanzee Society Shunkichi Hanamura 9 The Origins of "Consideration for One's Enemy": What Kind of Others Are Neighboring Groups to the Dodoth? Kaori Kawai Part III: The Representation and Ontology of Others in Humankind 10 The Ontology of the Other: The Evolutionary Basis of Human Sociality and Ethics in the Formation and Continuation of Inuit Society Keiichi Omura 11 Ancestral Spirits, Witchcraft and Phases of the Other in Everyday Life: The Case of the Bemba People of Zambia Yuko Sugiyama 12 The "Face" and the Other: Muslim Women Behind the Veil Ryoko Nishii 13 Morality and Instrumentality: A Practical Approach to Theorizing the Other Masakazu Tanaka Part IV: The Expanding Horizons of the Theory of Others 14 The Spirit as the Other: From the Iban Ethnography Motomitsu Uchibori 15 A History of the Distance Between Humans and Wildlife Gen Yamakoshi 16 Toward the Environmental Others: An Ethological Essay on Equilibrium and Coexistence Kaoru Adachi 17 Society as a "Story": Work Sharing, Cooperative Breeding and the Evolution of Otherness Yūji Takenoshita 18 The Turing Test in the Wild: When Non Human "Things" Become Others Ikuya Tokoro Epilogue--Future Agenda, Others as an Affliction: Tripartite Relationships and the Tetrahedral Model Takeo Funabiki Notes Bibliography Index